The Intermountain Region Essay Example for Free

The Intermountain function EssayThe Intermountain Region is a region that is located in parts of Canada and America, while lying between the Rocky and Coast Mountains, the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada. The high plateaus and isolated mountains with the only deserts in the US of A atomic number 18 very sparsely populated (excluding major cities). In Canada, this region is consisted of the interior plateau valleys of BC and the Yukon.The economic development of the Intermountain Region is greatly affected by its topography which is full of streams and rivers which instead of flowing into the sea, instead flow into the brackish lakes or disappear into desert sinks. However, there are still some that do reach into the ocean. The dry deserts of parts of the Intermountain Regions do not do well when it comes to agriculture- farming operational costs have increased greatly because of the urgency for irrigation which means that contrastingly irrigation companies generate lots of in come for the region and nation as a whole. But this may be dangerous as the companies are acquittance into long term debt from rushing to upgrade their systems in the next century. Death Valley does just fine though with its lack of water, do to being a large tourist attraction with its warm climate in that area, contributing to the economic development.As before mentioned, the climate in the Intermountain Region varies with elevation and location, in some parts it is polar and wet or dry and hot in winters. Going southward winters are lacking in precipitation and are dry and short. North, precipitation is also scarce but the climate is more moderate with dry, hot summers and moist winters. Also in the north, because the summers are shorter the growing eon is shorter as well, which doesnot help the agriculture industry. As you go farther down the eastern slopes of the mountains, air retains moisture and warms up. The Intermountain Region is so dry because of this come down shado w effect.As a cause of this, vegetation is made up largely of sparse grassland and plants that do well in semi-desert or desert climates. The Intermountain Region is full of contradictions however, as the areas that are higher up are covered in forests full of pine trees. These pine trees cover over 60 trillion hectares contributing 15 Billion dollars to the foresting industry, but because of the industrys clear cutting of old growth forests and damaging logging practices, approximately 36 million hectares are flat protected.Now, will be moving on to the closure patterns of the Intermountain Region. Climates in the Intermountain Region also make for an unappealing living area, going from extremes of being either cold and wet or hot and dry. As these climates are so inhospitable, vegetation is few and far and do not make for easy access to produce, etc nigh areas of the Intermountain Region are thinly populated because of the deserts and high mountains. They are more densely popu lated around major cities such as salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Denver in the south. In the north there is Prince George and Williams Lake.In conclusion, Topography, climate and vegetation greatly influence the economy of regions as well as the settlement patterns. The Intermountain Region is diverse in its ways of economic gain and topography.

Starbucks Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Marketing Strategy EssayStarbucks developed an advantage everyplace its competitors by engaging in partnerships with stores such as Safeway, Barnes Noble where they throw cafes to serve their coffee and sell their products. They improved their stigma awareness by licensing its brand name on different food products such as ice cream and bottled Frapuccinos 2. What were the principal drivers behind Starbucks success in the marketplace? What does the Starbucks brand cogitate to consumers? How have the growth opportunities pursued that Starbuck has pursued affected the value of its brand name? One of the drivers behind Starbucks success is their store locations. The company only open stores in centralized cities in highly visible regions. Stores are always spacious with room for customers to hang out and drink their coffee. They overly have gigantic merchandise items such as coffee beverages, whole bean coffee by the pound, pastries, sandwiches, etc A big part is Star bucks success is their employees. Their baristas are trained to sew each drink and to explain the origin of different coffees. There are treated like partners, and trained to provide the best customer service and to dish up with customer complains on the spot.The Starbucks brand means consistency and predictability to consumers. It is a promise to great coffee and great experience. Starbucks extensive product line strategy of creating a variety of products beyond just coffee beans was a big growth opportunity, as well as their partnerships that allowed them to expand their brand by selling tack to drink coffee, flavored ice cream and branded coffee now in supermarkets. They also have joint venture agreements in 15 countries. 3. What are the study challenges facing Starbucks as it goes global? Is the brand advantage sustainable going forward?Can Starbucks assert its position against other specialty coffee retailers? argument is always a challenge when expanding a business overs eas, as well as their lack of experience in the international market. Global expansion also means being operated by local partners and therefore making less money. However, I do believe their brand is sustainable. Starbucks is the market pioneer, which gives them major advantage against their competitors. To defend their position, Starbucks should never impose their western preferences in their international markets and continue to adapt their products to the local markets.

Sympathy for the betrayers and the betrayed Essay Example for Free

Sympathy for the betrayers and the betrayed EssayMore than would be imagined, it is sometimes more(prenominal) difficult to realise with the victims of infidelity easier than we might have imagined to sympathise with the betrayers themselves. To what extent do you agree with this estimation in relation to the three texts chosen?In n ace of the three texts cannister it be said that the adulterers upraise or deserve greater reason than the victims of adultery. disrespect this imbalance, it would unconsidered and possibly rather supercilious to still if judge the betrayers on their actions with egress meditating on the causationing slow the actions and the circumstances in which the adulterers have found themselves. All the adulterers inside the text (apart from Jerry in Betrayal (1978), and Rodolphe in Madame Bovary (1857)) merit a degree of sympathy, yet dis measure this, their actions can non be wholly justified, and the characters cannot, therefore, be fully exoner ated.The savage destruction of Emma Bovary by Flaubert, and Cresseids gruesome infliction of leprosy are certainly a cause for sympathy in some(prenominal) cases. Emma Bovarys death is a painfully drawn out event in which she turned whiter than the sheet at which her fingers kept clawing and soon began to vomit blood. Her limbs were contorted, her bole covered with br make blotches. It is interesting to note the contrast in the midst of the description at the beginning of the novel in which Flaubert erotic completelyy describes the tip of her tongue drone between her beautiful teeth, delicately licking the bottom of the glass and the description post-arsenic in which her entire tongue protruded from her mouth her rolling eyes dimmed corresponding lamp globes as they fade into darkness. Notably, Flaubert focuses on the body and its indignities, which is in contrast to Madame Bovarys romanticism Similarly, in The will of Cresseid, Henryson depicts a disease so realistic and visce ral that, as early as 1841, Sir J. A. Y. Simpson was able to diagnose the exact type of disease Cresseid has.(1) Henrysons detailed description gave rise to at least one suggestion that he himself was a physician. The Gods marred her, declaring, Your eyes so bright and crystal I make bloodshot / Your voice so clear, unpleasing, grating, hoarse / Your healthy skin I blacken, blotch and spot / With livid lumps I cover your fair face. Cupids declaration of, Your mirth I hereby change to melancholy is one of a serial publication of semantically opposite, yet alliterative words, which in this instance, are used to display the unfavourable contrast of Cresseids existence before her punishment and afterwards, whilst also augmenting the malicious and sadistic nature of the Gods. In Heaneys translation he writes, your high estate is in decline and fall. The is a reference to Edward Gibbons work The History of the Decline and Fall of the papist Empire, (1776) the literary allusion conveying the suddenness and inexplicability of Cresseids physical decline. The bleakness of her situation is summarised in the description of her having to make do with a cup and clapper. They remain Her whole animateness has been reduced to this alliterative phrase, whilst the caesura indicates the sudden nature of her loss.Not only does Cresseid receive a gruesome affliction, the reader is also left with the feeling that her punishment is undeserved. The reason for her sentence is blasphemy, since whoever blasphemes all Gods offer insults. Betrayal is heavily frequented with profanities such as Good God, yet nothing results. In Madame Bovary, Charles addressed curses to the heavens, but not so a good deal as a leaf quivered. The triviality of Cresseids offence in contrast to the magnitude of her chastisement displays an injustice in the name of justice, and this is borne true in the lack of consequence fastened to blasphemy in the other two texts. When Cupid retorts indignantly of Cress eids claim that I was the cause of her misfortune, one notes an irony given that all the Gods share an overwhelming involvement in all her actions and hence her misfortune. Cresseid is a puppet of the pagan Gods whims, and her lack of volition means that she should not be blamed. lot is recurrently referred to, in for example, the lines, Cresseids just about miserable and fated death (fatall destenie), Of Troy and Greece, how it could be your fate, and Fate is fickle when she plies the shears. This predestination is not a problem with which the adulterers in the other two texts must face. Further, the scornfully humorous description of the Gods, particularly Saturn who behaved in a churlish, rough, thick-witted manner, and had a rucked and wrinkled face, a lyre want lead and a steady nose run creates a further sympathy for Emma, since those that condemn her are r prohibitered in an absurd, grotesque and humorous light. Henryson goes further when he describes Cupid as a boar that w hets its tusks, he grinds and fumes, since it goes beyond anthromorphism to zoomorphism and the description of Gods that raged, grimaced, rampaged and bawled and scoffed is a display of Gods that have unlimited power and limited judgement.Whilst Madame Bovary does not have to contend with predestination, her actions are quiet restricted by societys ambits and the limitations placed on women in the mid-nineteenth century. In societal terms, she has to live in the mediocrity of her provincial surroundings. It is important to note that the novels sub-title is Provincial tact they frustrated Flaubert, and he used Emma Bovarys disgust with her class as a way of conveying his own hatred for the banality of the middle-classes. Madame Bovary shows how ridiculous the attitudes of the bourgeoisie can be. Homaiss haughtily flamboyant speeches are used by Flaubert to display the pretensions of the bourgeois. The less grandiose act by a woman who received a 25 franc award for 54 years of serv ice giving it to our cur so he can say some masses for me leads the reader not to deal this as remarkable, rather to see it as a sign of fanaticism, thus challenging fidelity as a certain good. Madame Bovary retentives to be more neat and sophisticated than her environment allows her.Flauberts depiction of a black chalk drawing of the head of Minerva in the middle of a wall whose green paint was flaking from the de-escalate is a visual metaphor for Emma Bovary, a Roman goddess amongst the banalities of life. A recurring leitmotif in the novel is that of Emma Bovary looking with her head against the window pane, gazing into the garden it is a poignant allusion to her aspirations for a more interesting existence and also her locomotive desires, in which the garden has both a metaphorical and physically restrictive quality. Her personal matters represent her both breaking out of an existence as humdrum and circumscribed as that of their hens and their dogs (2) and that she had no qualms about mistaking cul for coeur.(2)The Emma of Betrayal has a greater degree of freedom than the other two protagonists, she, after all is running a gallery. Nevertheless, it could be argued that she is a player in amongst Jerry and Roberts game of one-upmanship their egoistic competitiveness cosmos encapsulated in their games of squash (note the punning effect with the verb squash and Rodolphes remark that he entrust squash him (Charles) like a fly in Madame Bovary). This remark of Rodolphes shows that he also gets enjoyment from stamping on other mens power, which is backed up in the imagery of Rodolphes Mounted stags heads in his study he gets a thrill from male conquest as well as female conquest. Harold Pinter himself commented that Betrayal is a play about two close friends perhaps Emma is simply within Jerry and Roberts story, a victim of psychological determinism, rather than Madame Bovarys societal determinism and Cresseids cosmic determinism.Both Emma Bovary and Cresseid share an existence in a patriarchal world, which Emma from Betrayal is not a part of. Madame Bovary, for example, is blessed with artistic gifts that cause Charles to proudly display her work to whoever chooses to visit his abode. However, given the restrictions placed on women during the period, the Bovary households wall would be the only dwelling for any art she may happen to create this can be contrasted to Betrayals Emma who actually owns her own art gallery and who also has the benefit of the chance of travelling anywhere she wants (the film notes her possession of a car making her an agent of mobility), and is not confined to the ennui of a rustic Rouen. Madame Bovarys gender-founded restrictions are verbalized in the structure of the novel.The novel initiates with a depiction of Charles schooldays, and indeed, starts with the nous form, thus centralising Charless character. At the end of the novel, Homais becomes the centre of attention, as his mounting successes are set forth by Flaubert, finally climaxing in Il vient de recevoir la croix dhonneur (he has been given the Legion of Honour). Emmas story is therefore trapped between Charles and Homais the structure of the novel is mimetic of her entrapment in a male-dominated world, and these restrictions should evoke sympathy in the reader.Similarly, Cresseid is subject to male authority, which is made clear in the line Yet whatever men may presuppose or say contemptuously, and the traditionally accepted belief of her as being merely a lustfully encumbered individual is challenged by the way in which her punishment is portrayed as having resulted from blasphemy. The popular portrayal of Cresseid in both Chaucers Troilus and Cresseid (C. 1380) and Shakespeares Troilus and Cressida is challenged by the Testament of Cresseid (1475) and evoke sympathy in the reader.Madame Bovary and Emma are mutually fantastic from Cresseid in that their adulterous other halves are base to a level which subtra cts from the potential criticism of the primary adulterers themselves. Jerry is emotionally detached from Emma, yet still has a vulgar, sexual interest in her, as indicated in the final (yet chronologically foremost) scene in which he declares, I should have had you, in your white, before the wedding, I should have blackened you, in your white wedding dress. He later articulates, youre banishing me to, a state of catatonia, and frequently proclaims youre beautiful, youre incredible etc. However, earlier in the play, he makes short remarks and responses to Emmas questions an indication that he has no real emotional interest in her. Jerry also fails to recall with accuracy certain events relating to their relationship.For example when Jerry recalls throwing Emmas daughter in the air he believed it to be in Emmas kitchen, to which she replied, it was your kitchen. When Jerry calls her darling she responds, dont say that, because she knows that this term of endearment is not meant by J erry. Emma puts in a lot of effort into the affair, as indicated by her yearning for a continuation of their romantic escapades you see, in the past, we were inventive, we were determined, Jerrys disinterested response is, It would not matter how much we wanted it if youre not free in the afternoons and Im in America. This is extremely similar to Rodolphes remark Youre mad, you really are How could we do that?, when Emma puts forward the idea of a sojourn in Paris, and is indicative of the contrasting levels of commitment between the adulterer and the adulteress.When they finally decide on their trip to Paris, Madame Bovary asks, I am counting the days. Arent you? There is also a link between that and Emmas question will we ever go to Venice? She answers her own question in Betrayal in Madame Bovary, nothing is said at all. Emmas desire for something more in their relationship is indicated in her wish for a shared home with Jerry. She is saddened by the fact that the crockery and the curtains and the bedspread have been left for so long. She later says to Jerry you didnt ever see it as a home in any sense did you?, to which Jerry replied, no, I saw it as a flat you know. Emma correctly acknowledges Jerrys desires when she finishes off his sentence with the words for fucking, scorn Jerrys protestation of for loving.Emmas inability to let go of the relationship is indicated in the scene where she struggles to take her ring from her keyring and ends up throwing it to Jerry to take it off Jerry would be happy to end the relationship. Rodolphe is an even more heinous character, as indicated in his objectification of Emma This one had seemed pretty to him, the word one rather than she makes her merely one of his many inamoratas.Even more striking is when he says, how to get rid of it afterwards (admittedly, the French elle can mean both she and it, but Margaret Mauldons Oxford translation, unlike that of the Penguin edition uses the wholly unkind it, which is mu ch more effective in making Rodolphe appear objectionable). In both cases, the deplorable adulterers create sympathy when scrutinising the adulteresses and this is not a factor that exists in The Testament of Cresseid. If one were to be overtly cynical, it could be argued that Jerry and Rodolphe are partly correct in their views on the affair. Is an affair really all that romantic, after all? Vargas Llosa would be quick to point out the dangers of equating lust with love. Perhaps the two Emmas are looking for too much in the relationship, and are making it out to be more than it really is.Emmas amorous adventures activate an abundance of lies, yet Stephen Heath empathizes with her fabrications. He states that Emma lies, but everything lies(3), he talks of how the narrating voice enters to state a distance from her, but Flaubert also cuts such statements, reduces their number(3). At times, the yarn drifts into sympathy with Emma, at other times it condemns her. The use of a style c onfirming libre causes the narration to be ambiguous, and the truth of description becomes indistinguishable from the subjectivity of opinion.A characteristic example of this is when Flaubert talks about Rodolphe in the 3rd person Rodolphe had heard these things so many times that they had nothing original for him. He then reverts into Rodolphes mind one has to make allowances, he thought, exaggerated declarations masking mediocre affection. unrivaled gets the delineation that Flaubert reverts back to the narrative in the ending lines human language is like a cracked cauldron on which we beat out tunes to make a bear dance when we would move the stars to pity, however, this is just an assumption the non-use of quotation marks means the reader can never know when a characters thoughts have ended, and one gets the impression that the narrator imparts some of his own reflections into the characters thoughts.This free and indirect style not only creates a sympathy with regards to her fallaciousness, it is also creates a benignancy by virtue of the way the narration supports her own views. An example of this is when the narration wafts from she wondered if by some other workings of chance it might not have been contingent for her to meet another man to a sort of agreement from the narrator in the line he might have been handsome, witty, distinguished, attractive. Heath describes this free and indirect style as a way in which the the writer and the reader become Emma, are taken up in her reverie, her imaginings. The novel, therefore, often cultivates its own sympathy by virtue of its style, which causes the writer and reader to become one with the protagonist and to experience Madame Bovarys own feelings. This can be paralleled to Henrysons voice of sympathy The Testament of Cresseid. Henryson is so derisory of the unreasonable nature of the Gods ruling that he impulsively breaks into the stand by person when he declares Your doom is hard and too malicious, thu s interrupting the sentencing and displaying contempt of costCresseid and Madame Bovary are dissimilar to Emma in so far as they experience a development as a result of their infidelity, the former explicitly and the last mentioned implicitly. Cresseid talks about herself in the second person when she says, Where is your chambers cushioned chair and screen / And handsome bed and hand-embroidered linen? The wine and spice, the supper that you supped on. The use of the second person is suggestive of self-derision rather than self-lamentation. She understands her situation and she profoundly remarks, All wealth on earth is wind that flits and veers. She also criticised herself I myself will be my own accuser.This development from Cresseid makes her worthy of not so much sympathy but respect. Madame Bovarys development happens in a moment, which makes it more like an epiphany, thus lacking the cognitively prolonged nature of Cresseids development. It is also a very implicit moment in which she began to laugh, a ghastly, frenzied, despairing laugh after hearing the voice of the finesse beggar. At this point, she realises the meaning of the beggars words love is unseeing (thus rendering the beggar as an representation of Cupid. Whilst Cresseid and Madame Bovary cannot be justified in their actions, their realisations do rouse respect from the reader. The Emma of Betrayal experiences no such development.An aspect of the equation still wants, namely the victims. It is certainly true that the adulterers garner a notable degree of sympathy, yet it would be very mean-spirited to identify more with them than the victims. In the Testament of Cresseid, the affected person is Troilus. Although there are only 2 paragraphs focusing on Cresseids betrayal of Troilus, they themselves being sped along by the use of enjambment, this is done more out a desire not to repeat a story successfully written by Chaucer, but also to alleviate the readers judgment of Cresseid. Later in t he poem, Henryson writes of Troilus in glowing terms, describing him as having beaten low, by war and jeopardy, / The Grecian knights, and in a moment of great largesse past where Cresseid with lepers made abode and A girdle he took out, / A purse of gold and many shining gem precious stones / and threw them down into Cresseids dress. Troilus certainly harasss a huge amount of sympathy from the reader, especially after he for grief almost fell down when recalling Cresseids physical deformations.In both Madame Bovary and Betrayal, the victims of adultery are children. Jerrys lack of concern over his children is encapsulated in his gnomic description of his son Sam Hes tall. Quite tall. Does a lot of running. Hes a long distance runner. Wants to be a zoologist. The waiter in the restaurant scene is similarly an innocent bystander who is subjected to Roberts frustrations wheres our lunch. This place is going to pot. Same glass. Wheres our lunch? Richard Martin, in his earn to The Ti mes literary Supplement argued that he sees not just displaced emotion in Roberts aggression towards the waiter but the waiter himself as a displaced fluctuation of Judith for she is the hapless, indeed dumb, waiter (4). Judith, the children, and the waiter, are all correlated because they are all affected onlookers, but they know not what by. It is interesting to note that the children do not feature physically in the play, but in the 1983 film (by David Jones), the children feature in negative-consequences of the characters adultery-borne vented frustrations for example, when Jerry hollers at his son for playing music too loudly.This is paralleled in Madame Bovary, where her daughter is a victim of her infidelity. This is evidenced in the scene where Madame Bovary says to Berthe Oh, for heavens sake, leave me alone, shoving her away with her elbow. As a result, Berthe fell against the foot of the chest of draws, cracking her cheek on the brass fitting. At the end of the novel, B erthe makes her keep at a cotton mill. The chief victim of infidelity in the three texts is Charles Bovary. Despite being unsophisticated, dim-witted and a frighteningly bad doctor (his operation on Hippolytes club foot, resulting in amputation, as an example), he is still one of the novels most moral and sincere characters and he genuinely loved Emma whilst she was having licentious liaisons.Emma is often very unkind to Charles, for example, when she says he carries a knife in his pocket like a peasant. I cannot help but parallel this to the narrator in Robert Frosts poem Mending Wall who describes his neighbour as Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top / In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed. It is a particularly significant line, since Rodolphe wields a knife at one point, and this fails to elicit the same response from Emma. One strikingly poignant scene is when Charles finally sees all the letters from Emmas lovers his deep despondency caused general amazement. He no agelong went out, he saw no one, he even refused to visit his patients. People began saying that he shut himself off to drink. The final description of him is as a long-bearded, wild-looking man in filthy clothes who paced up and down noisily. For all Charles faults, it seems unthinkable to sympathise more with Emma than Charles. In all three cases, the victims garner more sympathy than the betrayers.One should not nonchalantly accept the three primary adulterers actions as morally reprehensible but we should acknowledge that their actions are borne out of something more complex than it would at first appear. The greatest sympathy should be given to Cresseid because her life was subject to fate she lacked all volition owing to Henrysons depiction of the panoptic control of the Gods. I say Henrysons depiction because Chaucers original has been manipulated by Henryson such that it rapidly avoids the issue of her affair whilst also removing all her volition.Madame Bovary represents the repressed sensuality within us, and the reader can certainly feel for her more than the prudish and monotonous environment she inhabits (ironically, it was a puritanical society that condemned Flauberts novel for being too clement to an adulteress). It is difficult to sympathise with Betrayals Emma. It is true that she longed for a more meaningful relationship with Jerry, but her dedication to Jerry is severely questioned given the initiation of her additional affair with Casey. One would have to question the disposition of any individual who sympathises with the adulterers more than the victims of adultery, as any reader of Madame Bovary would attest to.1. http//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/testaint.htm2. The Perpetual Orgy (Vargas Llosa)3. Madame Bovary (Stephen Heath)4. Letter from the Times Literary SupplementWord count with quotes 3720Word Count without quotes 2895

Definitions of Multiprocessors in Computing

Definitions of Multi mainframe computers in ComputingA multi actionor dirty dog be defined as the computer which dos two or more impact units to a lower place the integrated control. Multi-processing is also defined as the way of using two or more than two CPUs within a champion computer. As we both in all know that there are central processing units inside the computers, the multi processors, as the name indicates, have the ability to support more than cardinal processor at a like time. Usually in multi-processing the processors are organized in the parallel form and hence a large number of the proceedings can be brought at the uniform time i.e. multi-processing helps in executing the alike instructions a number of time at a particular time. Some former(a) related comment of the multi processors are that multi-processing is the sharing of the execution process by the interconnectedness of more than one microprocessor using tightly or loosely couples technology. Usuall y multi-processing tasks carries two coincidental steps. One is the performing the task of editing and the other is the handling the info processing. A multi-processor device comprising, all over a wizard semiconductor chip a plurality of processors including a first group of processors and a twinkling group of processors a first stack to which the first group of processors is join a second bus to which the second group of processors is coupled a first immaterial bus interface to which the first bus is coupled and a second external bus interface to which the second bus is coupled. The term multiprocessing is also used to refer to a computer that has many independent processing elements. The processing elements are almost full computers in their own right. The main difference is that they have been freed from the encumbrance of communication with peripherals.MULTIPROCESSORS IN THE TERMS OF ARCHITECTUREThe processors are unremarkably made up of the small and medium scale IC s which usually contains a less or large number of the transistors. The multi processors involves a computer architecture close to common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors. SMP systems allow any processor to run for on any task no matter where the info for that task are located in stock with proper run system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks in the midst of processors to balance the workload efficiently.Benefits change magnitude processing powerScale resource use to application requirementsAdditional operating system responsibilitiesAll processors remain busybodiedEven distri preciselyion of processes throughout the systemAll processors work on consistent copies of shared dataExecution of related processes synchronizedMutual exception enforcedMultiprocessing is a type of processing in which two or more processors work together t o process more than one plan simultaneously. Multi processor systems have more than one processor thats why known as multi processor systems.In multiprocessor system there is one master processor and other are the Slave. If one processor fails then master can assign the task to other slave processor. But if sea captain will be fail than entire system will fail. Central part of Multiprocessor is the Master. All of them share the hard disk and Memory and other store devices.Examples of multiprocessors1. Quad-Processor Pentium ProSMP, bus interconnection.4 x 200 MHz Intel Pentium Pro processors.8 + 8 Kb L1 cache per processor.512 Kb L2 cache per processor.Snoopy cache coherence.Compaq, HP, IBM, NetPower.Windows NT, Solaris, Linux, etc.2. SGI inception 2000NUMA, hypercube interconnection.Up to 128 (64 x 2) MIPS R 10000 processors.32 + 32 Kb L1 cache per processor.4 Mb L2 cache per processor.Distributed directory-based cache coherence.Automatic page migration/replication.SGI IRIX wi th P wanderClassifications of multiprocessor architectureNature of data pathInterconnection schemeHow processors share resourcesMessage-Passing ArchitecturesSeparate book of facts quadruplet for each processor.Processors run via message passing.B) Shared-Memory ArchitecturesSingle address space shared by all processors.Processors communicate by retentivity read/write.SMP or NUMA.Cache coherence is important issue.1. Classifying Sequential and Parallel Architectures(DATA PATH) catamenia sequence of bytesData streamInstruction streamFlynns classificationsMISD multiprocessing MISD multiprocessing offers mainly the advantage of redundancy, since multiple processing units perform the same tasks on the same data, reducing the chances of incorrect results if one of the units fails. MISD architectures may involve comparisons mingled with processing units to detect failures. Apart from the redundant and fail-safe character of this type of multiprocessing, it has few advantages, and it is truly expensive. It does not improve performance. It can be implemented in a way that is transparent to software. It is used inarray processorsand is implemented in fault tolerant machines.MIMD multiprocessing MIMD multiprocessing architecture is suitable for a wide variety of tasks in which completely independent and parallel execution of instructions touching different sets of data can be put to productive use. For this reason, and because it is easy to implement, MIMD predominates in multiprocessing.Processing is divided into multiplethreads, each with its own hardware processor state, within a single software-defined process or within multiple processes. Insofar as a system has multiple threads awaiting dispatch (either system or user threads), this architecture makes good use of hardware resources.MIMD does raise issues of deadlock and resource contention, however, since threads may collide in their admission price to resources in an unpredictable way that is demanding to m anage efficiently. MIMD requires special coding in the operating system of a computer but does not require application changes unless the programs themselves use multiple threads (MIMD is transparent to single-threaded programs under most operating systems, if the programs do not voluntarily relinquish control to the OS). Both system and user software may charter to use software constructs such assemaphores(also called locksorgates) to prevent one thread from interfering with another if they should happen to cross paths in referencing the same data. This gating or locking process increases code complexity, lowers performance, and greatly increases the amount of testing required, although not usually enough to negate the advantages of multiprocessing.Similar conflicts can arise at the hardware level between processors (cache contention and corruption, for example), and must usually be resolved in hardware, or with a combination of software and hardware (e.g.,cache-clear instructions ).SISD multiprocessing In asingle instruction stream, single data streamcomputer one processor sequentially processes instructions, each instruction processes one data item.SIMD multiprocessing In asingle instruction stream, multiple data streamcomputer one processor handles a stream of instructions, each one of which can perform calculations in parallel on multiple data locations. SIMD multiprocessing is well suited toparallel or vector processing, in which a very large set of data can be divided into parts that are individually subjected to identical but independent operations. A single instruction stream directs the operation of multiple processing units to perform the same manipulations simultaneously on potentially large amounts of data. For received types of computing applications, this type of architecture can produce enormous increases in performance, in terms of the elapsed time required to complete a wedded task. However, a drawback to this architecture is that a large p art of the system falls idle when programs or system tasks are executed that cannot be divided into units that can be processed in parallel.2. Interconnection schemeDescribes how the systems components, such as processors and memory modules, are connectedConsists of nodes (components or switches) and links (connections)Parameters used to evaluate interconnection schemesNode degreeBisection widthNetwork diameterCost of the interconnection schemeShared busSingle communication path between all nodesContention can build up for shared busFast for small multiprocessorsForm supernodes by connecting several components with a shared bus use a more scalable interconnection scheme to connect supernodesDual-processor Intel PentiumShared bus multiprocessor organization.Crossbar-switch intercellular substanceSeparate path from every processor to every memory module (or from every to every other node when nodes consist of both processors and memory modules)High fault tolerance, performance and cos tSun UltraSPARC-IIICrossbar-s witch ground substance multiprocessor organization.Hypercuben -dimensional hypercube has 2 nodes in which each node is n connected to n neighbor nodesFaster, more fault tolerant, but more expensive than a 2-D mesh networkn CUBE (up to 8192 processors)Multistage networkSwitch nodes act as hubs routing messages between nodesCheaper, less fault tolerant, worse performance compared to a crossbar-switch matrixIBM POWER4COUPLING of PROCESSORSTightly coupled systemsProcessors share most resources including memoryCommunicate over shared buses using shared carnal memoryTasks and/or processors communicate in a bluely synchronized fashionCommunicates through a common shared memoryShared memory systemLoosely coupled systemsProcessors do not share most resourcesMost communication through explicit messages or shared virtual memory (although not shared physical memory)Tasks or processors do not communicate in a synchronized fashionCommunicates by message passing pa cketsOverhead for data exchange is highDistributed memory systemComparison between themLoosely coupled systems more flexible, fault tolerant, scalableTightly coupled systems more efficient, less burden to operating system programmersMultiprocessor Operating System OrganizationsClassify systems based on how processors share operating system responsibilitiesTypesMaster/slaveSeparate kernelsSymmetrical organization1) Master/slave organizationMaster processor executes the operating systemSlaves execute only user processorsHardware asymmetryLow fault tolerance fair for computationally intensive jobs2) Separate kernels organizationEach processor executes its own operating systemSome world-widely shared operating system dataLoosely coupledCatastrophic failure unlikely, but failure of one processor results in termination of processes on that processorLittle contention over resourcesExample Tandem system3) Symmetrical organizationOperating system manages a pool of identical processorsHigh a mount of resource sharing hire for mutual exclusionHighest degree of fault tolerance of any organizationSome contention for resourcesExample BBN ButterflyMemory Access ArchitecturesCan associate multiprocessors based on how processors share memoryGoal Fast memory access from all processors to all memoryContention in large systems makes this aery1) Uniform memory access (UMA) multiprocessorAll processors share all memoryAccess to any memory page is nearly the same for all processors and all memory modules (disregarding cache hits)Typically uses shared bus or crossbar-switch matrixAlso called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)Small multiprocessors (typically two to eight processors)2) Nonuniform memory access (NUMA) multiprocessorEach node contains a few processors and a portion of system memory, which is local to that nodeAccess to local memory faster than access to global memory (rest of memory)to a greater extent scalable than UMA (fewer bus collisions)3) Cache-only memory architect ure (COMA) multiprocessorPhysically interconnected as a NUMA isLocal memory vs. global memoryMain memory is viewed as a cache and called an attraction memory (AM)Allows system to migrate data to node that most often accesses it at granularity of a memory line (more efficient than a memory page)Reduces the number of cache misses serviced remotelyOverheadDuplicated data itemsComplex protocol to crack all updates are received at all processors4) No-remote-memory-access (NORMA) multiprocessorDoes not share physical memorySome implement the illusion of shared physical memory shared virtual memory (SVM)Loosely coupledCommunication through explicit messagesDistributed systemsNot networked systemFeatures of the multiprocessorsMany multiprocessors share one address spaceThey conceptually share memory.Sometimes it is often implemented just like a multicomputerIn it the communication is implicit. It reads and writes access to the shared memories.Usually the multi processors are characterized by the complex behaviour.The MPU handles high-level tasks, including axis profile generation, host/controller communication, user-program execution, and safety event handling.Advanced real time algorithm and special filter executionDigital encoder input up to 20 million counts per secondAnalog Sin-Cos encoder input and interpolation up to a multiplication factor of 65,536Fast, high-rate Position grammatical case Generator (PEG) to trigger external devicesFast position registration (Mark) to capture position on input eventHigh resolution analog or PWM command generation to the driveHigh Speed Synchronous Interface channel (HSSI) to manage fast communication with remote axes or I/O expansion modulesAdvantages of Multiprocessor SystemsSome advantages of multiprocessor system are as followsReduced Cost Multiple processors share the same resources. Separate power supply or fuss board for each chip is not required. This reduces the cost.Increased Reliability The reliability of system is also increased. The failure of one processor does not affect the other processors though it will slow down the machine. Several mechanisms are required to achieve increased reliability. If a processor fails, a job running on that processor also fails. The system must be able to reschedule the failed job or to alert the user that the job was not successfully completed.More work As we increase the number of processors then it means that more work can be done in less time. Id more than one processor cooperates on a task then they will take less time to complete it.If we divide functions among several processors, then if one processor fails then it will not affect the system or we can say it will not halt the system, but it will effect on the work speed. Suppose I have five processors and one of them fails due to some reasons then each of the remaining four processors will share the work of failed processor. So it means that system will not fail but definitely failed processor will eff ect on its speed.If you pay attention on the matter of which save much money among multi-processor systems and multiple single-processor systems then you will know that multiprocessor systems save moremoneythan multiple single-processor systems because they can share power supplies, memory and peripherals.Increased Throughput An increase in the number of processes completes the work in less time. It is important to note that doubling the number of processors does not halve the time to complete a job. It is due to the overhead in communication between processors and contention for shared resources etc.ReferenceBOOKS ReferredMorris Mano, Computer System Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2007

Samurai Knights Warriors

Samurai Knights WarriorsThe samurai of feudal Japan and the medieval dubs of atomic number 63 had underlying similarities and differences. The comparison between these two elite, naughty warriors can be shown through their honour, military technology, and challenges a typical warrior had to face on an everyday basis. Their purposes as well as the basic concept of their codes, valour and bushido, were almost exactly identical. Furthermore, Samurai and knights both faced trouble against new modern technologies such as the arquebus, even though the samurais deftness in archery was extremely proficient. change surface though the definition of samurai and knight are essentially parallel, the two had many differences.The two warriors of Japan and Europe were alike because they existed to serve a similar purpose. Samurai or an alternate name bushi, were initially warriors hired by powerful families to entreat against the Yamato court by at the Nara Periods end around 793 C.E. (Turnbull , 32) Later on, Samurai were vassals hired by a daimyo or lord who would own a substantial amount of land. In return, the samurai would receive a certain amount of koku, the unit of measure of rice, and a place to sleep in the daimyos estate. (Wilson, 170) A daimyo would expect complete loyalty from a samurai and the duty to the daimyo would come originally any personal issues including religion and family. (Sansom, 368) correct duty and loyalty towards a daimyo relates to Bushido, or the way of the warrior.According to Inazo Nitobe, a Japanese author, bushido had seven key values Justice, courage, benevolence, politeness, veracity, honour, and loyalty. Stephen Turnbull contradicted Nitobe by saying such was the popularity of Nitobes micturate that not only was all this fully accepted, but his other misconception (Turnbull154) Bushido was not a concept carved into stone, but instead a general position from samurai. (Turnbull 156) The things that Turnbull said control some truth because the two samurai, Torii Mototada and Miyamoto Musashi had completely different opinions towards the concept of Bushido. Mototada expresses his complete loyalty to his daimyo when he wrote his last letter to his son before the fall of the Fushimi castle in 1600 when he wrote For myself, I am resolved to make a stand inside the castle, and to die a quick expiration But that is not the true meaning of being a warrior to show ones weakness is not within the family traditions of my master Ieyasu. It is not the way of the warrior to be disgrace and avoid death even under circumstances that are not particularly important. It goes with out saying that to sacrifice ones life for ones master is an unchanging principle. (Turnbull, 156)Mototada explicitly says that he must die for his daimyo to maintain his loyalty. Musashi on the other hand, entirely declined the idea of dying for a daimyo when he said The true way of swordsmanship is to fight with your opponent and win your real int ent should not be to die with weapons worn uselessly at your side. (Wilson, 162) There is a name for ritual felo-de-se committed by a samurai if they feel they have failed their daimyo in retaining their loyalty and duty. A samurai would also commit suicide if his daimyo is killed and the samurai feels he needs to attend with him into the nigh world. (Wilson, 274) Seppuku or Hara-kiri involved a samurai stabbing himself in the stomach usually with a dagger. Seppuku could be performed either as a prepared purblind ritual inside a domicile or a quick and simple death. (Turnbull website) Either way, the process would have definitely been painful and sometimes, a samurai would entreat a second soldier to cut off his head to end the pain of seppuku. In addition to retaining their loyalty as a reason for committing suicide, a samurai might also kill himself if he was captured by an enemy or failed to accomplish a mission, though samurai rarely killed themselves like in such behavior. (Turnbull, website) Knights of Europe would have seen this act as greatly foreign since there were never any incidents of a knight committing suicide out of respect. (Turnbull, website) A knight thusly could have been dedicated to fight for a cause if they wanted to, as shown in the crusades, but they never to an extent of killing himself.Like the samurai, knights were vassals and were essentially the aforesaid(prenominal) as samurai by definition. They were aristocratic men who were vassals and paid their military services to dukes or counts that were great landlords and controlled the safety and system over a region. (Cantor, 7) Dukes and counts from their vassals wanted, like the daimyo, loyalty. The vassals could give in this through military services, rents, and taxes. There was a difference between Japanese and European vassals though. In Japan, all vassals were samurai, but in Europe, not all vassals were knights since knights could have their own vassals who also could h ave their own vassals and so forth. (Sansom, 368) Another difference was that the contemplation that the count or duke owed to the knight was written down in a contract called a charter, but in the Japanese version, the samurai did not ask for anything from the daimyo before hand. (Sansom, 368) Some things the duke owed a knight for their services were a place to sleep, throw in the towel meals in his castle, a horse and armour. The knight also received a part of the dukes land as part of the deal that was called a fief. (Cantor, 7) In do to gain their fighting tactics and skill using swords and other equipment, knights would occupy themselves in tournaments against other knights. Before a battle between knights, a knight had to be properly equipped with armour usually consisting of chain mail in addition to breastplates and open-faced or full helms. Having many servants present was necessary in order to fully equip a knight with such armour. In order to show affection for their l ady, a knight would also wear a scarf attached to their helmet. (Turnbull, website) The samurai on the contrary, did not usually express this sort of emotion. When they did however, it was to complete another mission as it shows in Gikeiki, a life of Minamoto Yoshitsune, there is a scene where the hero seduces a young woman, but his underlying motive is the acquisition of a Chinese military scroll possessed by her father (Turnbull, website) During tournaments, knights would wield long blunted lances or swords and charge at each other while on horseback. (Cantor, 44) Even though weapons were blunted, knights still got hurt from blows striking the throat area. Most knights were aware of the risk of injury, and so when a knight was forcibly dismounted off their horse, the battle was over. Hand to hand combat on the ground was dangerous. (Cantor, 50) Not battling on the ground during tournaments was purely because of the risk of danger, not because of the common misinterpretation of kn ights being immobile when off of their horse. While on foot, knights could transmit around swiftly enough. Knights plate armour would have chainmail on the armpits so they could raise and lower their arms quite freely. (Cantor, 46)

Discrimination Against Those with AIDS :: Discrimination AIDS

Discrimination has grown over the years to be a major problem around the world. There are many different issues that discrimination addresses. One of the main issues that it evaluates is HIV/AIDS. Many people who are infected with the disease are discriminated against for something that they cannot control afterwards they are diagnosed. More specifically, insurance companies and employers are one of the big factors in discrimination of these people in the start place. It is very important to them because they need the money in order to live and they need to coverage in order to stay healthy. Many people go through this battle of live with companies in order to survive, like Devin a middle aged man. These are very important issues that needs to be evaluated almost at and also their needs to be a solution for this problem in the world today.The IssueDo insurance companies and employers discriminate against people after they are informed that a person has HIV/AIDS? This is an important question at issue because many people and their loved ones are moved(p) with terminal diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Also, it is important because they are treated with disrespectful and it is not how any human being should be treated or cared for. They are regular looking and acting humans that happen to be infected with this horrific disease and that is the sole reason that they are being discriminated against. The usual is unaware that they will not get the disease by touching the victim or using the same products or utensils as them. The only office that they could catch the disease from anyone is if they have sexual relations with them or if the share needles by taking drugs with someone who is infected with the virus. Two decades after HIV graduation appeared an estimated 30 million people worldwide have contracted the virus 11.7 million people have dies of AIDS (Frankowski xi). This deadly virus has continually and rapidly spread to all different people. A round the world this virus is a major problem and is affecting more women and children then ever before. Although when this disease firstly appeared it was male dominated, but they have passed it on to the women and in which case they pass on to their children when they are in the womb.

Social inequality in 1820s Essay examples -- essays papers

Social in coupleity in 1820sSocial equality has been a goal of the States since its very fatherning. However, it was only an intention to be socially equal, but non a goal. Social equality or the fact that all men were created equal only applied to the white man. There was no intention in meaning that the blacks and Indians or even the women were equal. In the eyes of the delegates, and the normal white majority, blacks, indians, and women were not an issue. To them, it was apparent that blacks were kids, Indians were savages, and women were homemakers. From the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was the greatest era of social and racial inequality in all American history. The Declaration of Independence states, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, self-direction and the pursuit of Happiness. This infamous passage written by Thomas Jefferso n on July 4th, 1776, states that ALL men are created equal and are entitled to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Although this line has been argued about its actual meaning hundreds of times by students, philosophers, historians, etc., it still is relevant in discussing the true intentions of the new nation. If all men were created equal then why were there slaves? Why did the government deny the Indians of their rights? Why was there so much injustice? That phrase simply meant that all free citizens were politically equal. This did not apply to blacks or women under the eyes of the signers. As time went by, the meaning all Men are created equal took a meaning different than that of the common people in 1776. The years following the establishment of the new nation were times of refining and tuning of the new government. The question of the true meaning of All Men are Created Equal arised again and again until it influenced the minds of Americans that is was time for soc ial equality. In order to understand the reasons why blacks were treated so cruelly and socially unequal is to understand the perspective of whites in the era from the late 18th century to the late 19th century. It (the south) must pettify the institution and its own reactions, must begin to boast at its own Great Heart. To have heard them talk, indeed, you would have thought the sole reason ... ...m to move in the dead of winter. In former(a) words, the Indians were said to have had rights, but never really had any because the American Government constantly changed the rules because of their lack of respect towards the Indians and their belief that they were inferior. In Conclusion, the period surrounded by the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was one of the most socially and racially unequal times in all of American History. The rights described in our Declaration of Independence were irrelevant to minorities, the assumption that All Men Are Created Equal was only appli ed to white men and not minorities like Blacks and Indians. Blacks were treated like children in this period, thought to be inferior and uncivilized and therefore not even rights. Even worse, Indians were promised rights and land, only to have both(prenominal) stripped from them by the American government through means of treaties, agreements, and war. This period was truly one of the most wrong and unequal periods of American History, however, it was a divide in the creation of a new nation. While all these social inequalities existed, America flourished and grew to be one of the greatest nations in the world.